[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":878},["ShallowReactive",2],{"branding":3,"home":11,"navigation":136,"social":163,"projects-all":182},{"id":4,"title":5,"description":6,"extension":7,"meta":8,"stem":9,"__hash__":10},"branding\u002Fbranding.yml","COMPAS","The Progressive Python Framework for AEC","yml",{},"branding","RZe_zlUXQhPN3ap5X6d0zUmiqalxe1ZFVRnIsmTB9VU",{"id":12,"association":13,"extension":7,"meta":22,"projects":23,"sponsors":26,"stem":43,"testimonials":44,"trusted_by":61,"__hash__":135},"home\u002Fhome.yml",{"title":14,"description":15,"founded":16,"governance":17,"show_member_count":18,"join":19},"Join the Association","COMPAS is maintained by the COMPAS Association, an independent public benefit organisation. Membership fees fund the infrastructure and the maintenance, and keep the core library under a permissive licence.","1 March 2023, Zürich","Every member votes at the General Assembly.",false,{"label":20,"to":21},"Become a member","\u002Fassociation#signup",{},{"title":24,"description":25},"Made with COMPAS","Built work from the labs and practices that use COMPAS, from 3D-printed bridges to robotically assembled timber.",{"invitation_url":27,"tiers":28},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fsponsors\u002Fcompas-dev",[29,37,40],{"name":30,"sponsors":31},"Founding",[32],{"name":33,"url":34,"logo":35,"ratio":36},"NCCR Digital Fabrication","https:\u002F\u002Fdfab.ch","logos\u002Fnccr-dfab.png",3.82,{"name":38,"sponsors":39},"Gold",[],{"name":41,"sponsors":42},"Silver",[],"home",{"title":45,"invitation":46,"items":50},"In their words",{"text":47,"label":48,"url":49},"Using COMPAS in research or practice? Tell us what you built with it. With your permission, it could appear here.","Share your story","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fcompas-dev\u002Fcompas.dev\u002Fissues\u002Fnew?template=testimonial.yml",[51,56],{"quote":52,"name":53,"organization":54,"portrait":55},"At MESH, we create robotic solutions for rebar\u002Fconstruction industry. The COMPAS framework provides us with a powerful platform for developing our custom geometry processing tools and a seamless transition with our robotic fabrication processes.","Mattis Koh","Mesh.ch","people\u002Fmattis-koh.avif",{"quote":57,"name":58,"organization":59,"portrait":60},"COMPAS distills many years of leading academic research into a robust framework tailored for computational design and robotics. Its software-agnostic approach makes it especially well-suited for digital fabrication pipelines that demand adaptability and precision. COMPAS brings together deep research and practical tools for robotics and digital fabrication.","Jelle Feringa","Terrestrial","people\u002Fjelle-feringa.avif",{"title":62,"items":63},"Used and supported by",[64,68,73,78,82,87,92,96,101,105,106,111,115,119,122,126,131],{"name":65,"logo":66,"ratio":67},"ETH Zurich","logos\u002Feth.png",6.42,{"name":69,"logo":70,"ratio":71,"scale":72},"EPFL","logos\u002Fepfl.png",3.43,0.9,{"name":74,"logo":75,"ratio":76,"scale":77},"Technical University of Munich","logos\u002Ftum.png",1.92,0.85,{"name":79,"logo":80,"ratio":81},"TU Delft","logos\u002Ftudelft.png",2.56,{"name":83,"logo":84,"ratio":85,"scale":86},"Princeton University","logos\u002Fprinceton.png",3.97,1.1,{"name":88,"logo":89,"ratio":90,"scale":91},"University of Toronto, Civil & Mineral Engineering","logos\u002Fuoft-cme.png",4.46,1.2,{"name":93,"logo":94,"ratio":95,"scale":86},"Lund University","logos\u002Flund.png",4.56,{"name":97,"logo":98,"ratio":99,"scale":100},"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","logos\u002Fvub.png",1.09,0.75,{"name":102,"logo":103,"ratio":104,"scale":91},"Bern University of Applied Sciences","logos\u002Fbfh.png",2.9,{"name":33,"logo":35,"ratio":36,"scale":91},{"name":107,"logo":108,"ratio":109,"scale":110},"Design++","logos\u002Fdesign-pp.png",1.54,1.35,{"name":112,"logo":113,"ratio":114,"scale":77},"Vaulted","logos\u002Fvaulted.png",1.78,{"name":116,"logo":117,"ratio":118},"vyzn","logos\u002Fvyzn.png",2.86,{"name":59,"logo":120,"ratio":121,"scale":77},"logos\u002Fterrestrial.png",1,{"name":123,"logo":124,"ratio":125,"scale":72},"Impact Build","logos\u002Fimpact-build.png",6.68,{"name":127,"logo":128,"ratio":129,"scale":130},"Bollinger+Grohmann","logos\u002Fbollinger-grohmann.png",13.29,0.7,{"name":132,"logo":133,"ratio":134,"scale":77},"LEKO Labs","logos\u002Fleko.png",4.29,"zno_sdPwcKMm4qQHFk72aTBf4YBSCLyjwLfe7MGEY_Q",{"id":137,"title":138,"extension":7,"items":139,"meta":160,"stem":161,"__hash__":162},"navigation\u002Fnavigation.yml","Main Navigation",[140,144,148,152,156],{"label":141,"icon":142,"to":143},"Docs","i-heroicons-book-open","\u002Fdocs\u002Foverview\u002Fintroduction",{"label":145,"icon":146,"to":147},"Packages","i-heroicons-puzzle-piece","\u002Fpackages",{"label":149,"icon":150,"to":151},"Association","i-heroicons-users","\u002Fassociation",{"label":153,"to":154,"icon":155},"News","\u002Fnews","i-heroicons-newspaper",{"label":157,"icon":158,"to":159},"Forum","i-heroicons-chat-bubble-left-right","https:\u002F\u002Fforum.compas-framework.org\u002F",{},"navigation","0jaKadsuS1w-R-2CifQeF-7No6HqrVyF7jIP80oFYoM",{"id":164,"title":165,"extension":7,"items":166,"meta":179,"stem":180,"__hash__":181},"social\u002Fsocial.yml","Social Media",[167,171,175],{"label":168,"to":169,"icon":170},"GitHub","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fcompas-dev","i-simple-icons-github",{"label":172,"to":173,"icon":174},"X","https:\u002F\u002Fx.com\u002Fcompas_dev","i-simple-icons-x",{"label":176,"to":177,"icon":178},"LinkedIn","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fcompas-association","i-simple-icons-linkedin",{},"social","495juwkNU0wtE_8lwERDZNWQES5uWYuMK_Wa6cQ9Wxg",[183,236,276,315,353,390,429,466,499,539,575,610,643,677,713,749,786,815,850],{"id":184,"title":185,"alt":186,"body":187,"by":210,"credit":211,"credits":212,"description":193,"extension":213,"facts":214,"image":224,"meta":225,"navigation":226,"path":227,"place":228,"repo":229,"seo":230,"stem":231,"submission":229,"summary":232,"url":233,"year":234,"__hash__":235},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fhardleaf.md","HARDLEAF","A leaf-shaped lattice of timber beams arching over a community garden at golden hour, with lavender in the foreground and apartment buildings behind",{"type":188,"value":189,"toc":205},"minimark",[190,194,197,202],[191,192,193],"p",{},"HARDLEAF is a pavilion for Quartiergarten Hard, a community garden in Zürich, giving its users shade and a place to rest. The brief asked for a reciprocal timber frame without a solid roof: shade comes from kiwi plants trained across the structure. The geometry was generated from a hexagonal mesh, giving a leaf-shaped plan that maximises the shaded area within the site's 40 square metres and 3-metre height limit while keeping the existing trees.",[191,195,196],{},"With about 300 linear metres of timber available, the structure uses dry construction and mechanical joints instead of glue or welds, so it can be taken apart again; steel screw piles keep the foundations reversible too. The beams were CNC-milled, drilled and treated, assembled into modules and raised on site in five days in June 2026.",[198,199,201],"h2",{"id":200},"how-compas-was-used","How COMPAS was used",[191,203,204],{},"Coding Architecture I–II teaches computational design in Python on the COMPAS framework, from computational geometry to graph-based structures, and in the spring semester students use COMPAS Timber to design and build a reciprocal frame structure at full scale. For HARDLEAF, COMPAS Timber held the semantic model of the beams and their joints, and generated the machine-agnostic fabrication files from which every beam was CNC-milled.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":208},"",2,[209],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Coding Architecture II, Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich","lisdem","Design: Timo Feddern, Žan Kočunik and Alessia Martino, built with a team of 18 students in the course Coding Architecture II, Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich. Client: Quartiergarten Hard. Technical consultant: lisdem.","md",[215,218,221],{"label":216,"value":217},"Structure","182 beams in 8 modules",{"label":219,"value":220},"Area","40 m², under 3 m high",{"label":222,"value":223},"Joints","Mechanical, fully demountable","projects\u002Fhardleaf.avif",{},true,"\u002Fprojects\u002Fhardleaf","Quartiergarten Hard, Zürich, Switzerland",null,{"title":185,"description":193},"projects\u002Fhardleaf","A leaf-shaped timber pavilion of 182 beams for a neighbourhood garden, designed and built by students, with kiwi plants growing over it for shade.","https:\u002F\u002Fhardleaf.arch.ethz.ch\u002F","2026","tmzG8GwyhcLESQjQc933gKZ2l3wGOkJZPYWVMGPXlSI",{"id":237,"title":238,"alt":239,"body":240,"by":253,"credit":254,"credits":255,"description":244,"extension":213,"facts":256,"image":266,"meta":267,"navigation":226,"path":268,"place":269,"repo":270,"seo":271,"stem":272,"submission":229,"summary":273,"url":274,"year":234,"__hash__":275},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fsybil.md","Sybil","A robot arm on a truss in front of a large suspended net sprayed with soil and sprouting grass, while a person in a white overall draws in sand",{"type":188,"value":241,"toc":250},[242,245,247],[191,243,244],{},"Sybil is an interactive installation in which visitors and a robot build a living surface together. Visitors draw traces in a bed of sand; depth cameras capture them, and the drawings become robotic toolpaths. A robotic arm then sprays a mixture of clay, soil, cellulose and seeds along those paths onto a suspended net, where grass and other plants grow over the course of the exhibition.",[198,246,201],{"id":200},[191,248,249],{},"COMPAS RRC sends the toolpaths, generated from the visitors' drawings, to the ABB GoFa robot that sprays the soil. The project also builds on COMPAS XR, developed at the same lab.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":251},[252],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Architecture and Human Augmentation, ETH Zurich","Zita Oberwalder","Architecture and Human Augmentation, ETH Zurich: Prof. Dr. Daniela Mitterberger, with Shravan Arun, Fabio Scotto, Ruth Sidabutar and Charlotte Thorn, and Tiziano Derme (MAEID). With LAYER3D, Carl Stahl GmbH and the Robotic Fabrication Laboratory, ETH Zurich.",[257,260,263],{"label":258,"value":259},"Input","Traces drawn in sand, read by three depth cameras",{"label":261,"value":262},"Material","Clay, soil, cellulose and seeds",{"label":264,"value":265},"Plants","Grass, chia, alfalfa and radish","projects\u002Fsybil.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fsybil","Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria","AHA-ArchitectureAndHumanAugmentation\u002Fsandskript_compas_rrc",{"title":238,"description":244},"projects\u002Fsybil","Visitors draw in sand, and a robot turns their traces into toolpaths, spraying soil and seeds onto a suspended net that grows into a living surface.","https:\u002F\u002Fsybil-aha.cargo.site\u002F","PcPDejb51404tDGBd3Bk3QNNzxOaMpFu7vvP-6tPh_8",{"id":277,"title":278,"alt":279,"body":280,"by":293,"credit":254,"credits":294,"description":284,"extension":213,"facts":295,"image":305,"meta":306,"navigation":226,"path":307,"place":308,"repo":229,"seo":309,"stem":310,"submission":229,"summary":311,"url":312,"year":313,"__hash__":314},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fdafnes-skin.md","Dafne's Skin","A visitor stands inside a sweeping, curved landscape of overlapping wooden shingles, seen through translucent hanging curtains",{"type":188,"value":281,"toc":290},[282,285,287],[191,283,284],{},"Dafne's Skin is a living exhibition at the Triennale Milano: an enlarged fragment of the skin of Dafne, the nymph of Greek myth who turned into a laurel tree. The surface is made of wooden tiles, and over the course of the exhibition it slowly changes as four robotic \"geographers\" apply a patina of microalgae and bacteria, guided by sensors that monitor the environment in real time.",[198,286,201],{"id":200},[191,288,289],{},"The wooden tiles were assembled with augmented reality fabrication, built on COMPAS XR.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":291},[292],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Architecture and Human Augmentation, ETH Zurich, and MAEID","Architecture and Human Augmentation, ETH Zurich, and MAEID: Daniela Mitterberger and Tiziano Derme, with Michał Miśków, Clemens Conditt and Leonie Felger. Fabrication: Eleni Alexi, XAIA, Daniela Mitterberger's lab at Princeton University. Cable robots: Pok Yin Victor Leung, Max Polzin and Kai Junge. Living material: Dalia Dranseikė (ETH Zurich). Software: Martin Gasser and Andrea Reni. Structure: Giovanni Trinetti.",[296,299,302],{"label":297,"value":298},"Surface","Wooden tiles with a living microbial patina",{"label":300,"value":301},"Robots","Four cable robots tending the patina",{"label":303,"value":304},"Fabrication","Assembled with augmented reality","projects\u002Fdafnes-skin.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fdafnes-skin","Triennale Milano, Milan, Italy",{"title":278,"description":284},"projects\u002Fdafnes-skin","An enlarged fragment of skin from the myth of Dafne, made of wooden tiles, whose surface slowly changes under a robotically applied living patina.","https:\u002F\u002Fdafnesskin.com","2025","hxA1K_sw-KQBdpF9yMm9hr9cCeqMIKvIRp6PwiO29oo",{"id":316,"title":317,"alt":318,"body":319,"by":332,"credit":333,"credits":334,"description":323,"extension":213,"facts":335,"image":344,"meta":345,"navigation":226,"path":346,"place":347,"repo":229,"seo":348,"stem":349,"submission":229,"summary":350,"url":351,"year":313,"__hash__":352},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fgelateria-mulegns.md","Gelateria Mulegns","Looking up into a cupola of ruffled, translucent plastic layers in pink, blue and purple, printed as hollow tubular beads",{"type":188,"value":320,"toc":329},[321,324,326],[191,322,323],{},"The Gelateria stands next to Tor Alva in Mulegns, part of Nova Fundaziun Origen's plan to bring the village back to life. Outside it takes the silhouette of the barn that once stood there, a faceted shell of reclaimed timber wrapped in a translucent membrane. Inside, a colourful printed cupola recalls the Baroque and the Grisons confectioners who shaped Italian ice cream culture. The whole building can be taken apart: the timber can be reused, and the plastic shredded and printed again.",[198,325,201],{"id":200},[191,327,328],{},"Students of the Master of Advanced Studies in Architecture and Digital Fabrication printed the cupola with ABB robots in the Robotic Fabrication Laboratory, ETH Zurich, using Hollow-Core, an extrusion process from the Chair of Digital Building Technologies that prints large hollow tubular beads. They lowered the geometric resolution to print faster and used the colour of recycled PETG as a design parameter. The robotic printing ran on COMPAS RRC, which streamed the print paths to the ABB robots.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":330},[331],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"MAS ETH DFAB and Digital Building Technologies, ETH Zurich","Stefan Kaiser","Nova Fundaziun Origen with ETH Zurich, Uffer Group and Zindel United. 3D-printed interior: MAS ETH DFAB and Digital Building Technologies, ETH Zurich.",[336,339,341],{"label":337,"value":338},"Cupola","Over 250 m², under 1 t",{"label":261,"value":340},"Recycled PETG, reclaimed timber",{"label":342,"value":343},"Process","Hollow-Core robotic extrusion","projects\u002Fgelateria-mulegns.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fgelateria-mulegns","Mulegns, Switzerland",{"title":317,"description":323},"projects\u002Fgelateria-mulegns","An ice cream shop next to Tor Alva, under a cupola robotically printed from recycled plastic: 250 square metres that weigh less than a tonne.","https:\u002F\u002Farch.ethz.ch\u002Fen\u002Fnews-und-veranstaltungen\u002Fnews-kanal\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fa-gelateria-with-a-digitally-fabricated-cupola-made-of-colored-plastic.html","ShsVU_LFu2zaajUyLwbqMlKsWOc8rQbDwCDFlLJXgFA",{"id":354,"title":355,"alt":356,"body":357,"by":370,"credit":371,"credits":372,"description":361,"extension":213,"facts":373,"image":382,"meta":383,"navigation":226,"path":384,"place":347,"repo":229,"seo":385,"stem":386,"submission":229,"summary":387,"url":388,"year":313,"__hash__":389},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Ftor-alva.md","Tor Alva","A tall white tower of branching printed concrete columns, lit from within at dusk, rising between houses in a mountain village",{"type":188,"value":358,"toc":367},[359,362,364],[191,360,361],{},"Tor Alva, the White Tower, stands in Mulegns, a village of eleven inhabitants on the Julier Pass. Commissioned by the cultural foundation Nova Fundaziun Origen, it is the tallest 3D-printed building to date, and the first multi-storey structure whose load-bearing columns were printed with their reinforcement built in. The columns become thinner and more branched as the tower rises, fanning out to form a domed space at the top. The tower is designed to be dismantled and rebuilt elsewhere.",[198,363,201],{"id":200},[191,365,366],{},"The columns were printed without formwork in the Robotic Fabrication Laboratory, ETH Zurich. One robot extruded the concrete layer by layer while a second placed ring-shaped reinforcement between the layers. The robots were controlled through COMPAS RRC, the COMPAS package for ABB robots. Che-Wei Lin presented the project at COMPAS Developer Day 2025.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":368},[369],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Digital Building Technologies, ETH Zurich","Benjamin Hofer \u002F Nova Fundaziun Origen","Nova Fundaziun Origen and ETH Zurich. Design: Michael Hansmeyer and Benjamin Dillenburger, Digital Building Technologies, ETH Zurich. Structural design: Conzett Bronzini Partner, with the chairs of Walter Kaufmann and Robert Flatt, ETH Zurich.",[374,377,379],{"label":375,"value":376},"Height","About 30 m, four storeys",{"label":216,"value":378},"Load-bearing 3D-printed concrete columns",{"label":380,"value":381},"Printing","Five months at ETH Zurich, Hönggerberg","projects\u002Ftor-alva.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Ftor-alva",{"title":355,"description":361},"projects\u002Ftor-alva","A 30-metre white tower whose load-bearing columns were 3D printed in concrete, with the reinforcement placed by a second robot during printing.","https:\u002F\u002Fethz.ch\u002Fen\u002Fnews-and-events\u002Feth-news\u002Fnews\u002F2025\u002F05\u002Ffrom-confectioners-to-robots-tor-alva-in-mulegns-is-unveiled.html","Y38otHbKcucEiWB7ktDoFv5EMmBWtH1wbQa_51ZEBsU",{"id":391,"title":392,"alt":393,"body":394,"by":407,"credit":229,"credits":408,"description":398,"extension":213,"facts":409,"image":419,"meta":420,"navigation":226,"path":421,"place":422,"repo":229,"seo":423,"stem":424,"submission":229,"summary":425,"url":426,"year":427,"__hash__":428},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fcaschlatsch.md","Caschlatsch","Two researchers working beneath a robot arm that holds a timber frame module in place, with finished modules stacked behind them in a laboratory",{"type":188,"value":395,"toc":404},[396,399,401],[191,397,398],{},"On a rocky outcrop near the Lukmanier Pass, where the Caschlatsch castle once stood, hikers can now climb a three-storey timber tower. Students of the Master of Advanced Studies in Architecture and Digital Fabrication designed it with parametric tools and tested it with local partners in virtual reality. The modules were built in the Robotic Fabrication Laboratory, ETH Zurich, trucked to Disentis\u002FMustér and flown to the site by helicopter.",[198,400,201],{"id":200},[191,402,403],{},"COMPAS Timber exported the CAD data for the CNC machines that cut the beams. The students assembled the beams through an augmented reality interface on their phones, built on COMPAS XR, which let them compare what they had built with the digital model at any time. A robotic arm held the larger elements in their exact positions.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":405},[406],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Gramazio Kohler Research and MAS ETH DFAB, ETH Zurich","MAS in Architecture and Digital Fabrication and Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich, with #dfdu AG, Studio UH Architects and Nicolas Fehlmann Ingénieurs Conseils. Client: Gemeinde Disentis\u002FMustér.",[410,413,416],{"label":411,"value":412},"Timber beams","2000",{"label":414,"value":415},"Modules","4 × 3 × 2 m, flown to site by helicopter",{"label":417,"value":418},"On-site assembly","Two hours","projects\u002Fcaschlatsch.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fcaschlatsch","Disentis\u002FMustér, Switzerland",{"title":392,"description":398},"projects\u002Fcaschlatsch","A climbable three-storey tower of 2000 timber beams, built by students and robots together in twenty weeks from first sketch.","https:\u002F\u002Farch.ethz.ch\u002Fen\u002Fnews-und-veranstaltungen\u002Fnews-kanal\u002F2024\u002F09\u002Fhow-humans-and-robots-built-a-wooden-tower-in-disentismustr.html","2024","nB488Sf8rbiCUahG8zX-MSAgte0QJQ6VnN1j2jZTmJc",{"id":430,"title":431,"alt":432,"body":433,"by":446,"credit":229,"credits":447,"description":437,"extension":213,"facts":448,"image":457,"meta":458,"navigation":226,"path":459,"place":460,"repo":229,"seo":461,"stem":462,"submission":229,"summary":463,"url":464,"year":427,"__hash__":465},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fimpact-printing.md","Impact Printing","A column built from thousands of compressed earth portions standing on a pallet outside a laboratory hall",{"type":188,"value":434,"toc":443},[435,438,440],[191,436,437],{},"Impact printing is a robotic additive method for building with earth. A custom tool portions the material and fires it at high speed, so each portion bonds to the ones below on impact. Unlike concrete printing, it needs no pauses for the material to set, and the mix is largely made from excavated material that would otherwise be waste. The tool has run on a high-payload gantry robot in the Robotic Fabrication Laboratory and on HEAP, the autonomous legged excavator of the Robotic Systems Lab.",[198,439,201],{"id":200},[191,441,442],{},"The printed structures are designed as sequenced toolpaths, and COMPAS FAB transfers those toolpaths to the robot controller.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":444},[445],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich","Gramazio Kohler Research, the Robotic Systems Lab and the Chair of Sustainable Construction, ETH Zurich, with Eberhard AG.",[449,451,454],{"label":261,"value":450},"Excavated earth, silt and clay, no cement",{"label":452,"value":453},"Speed","Portions fired at up to 10 m\u002Fs",{"label":455,"value":456},"Platforms","Gantry robot and the HEAP excavator","projects\u002Fimpact-printing.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fimpact-printing","ETH Zurich, Switzerland",{"title":431,"description":437},"projects\u002Fimpact-printing","A robot shoots portions of earth at high speed, building walls and columns layer after layer without cement and without waiting for the material to set.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2307\u002Fjj.11374766.28","E-NPkD39HvhCJeufuWgcWI_p4Oq6uaBXZKWeJG1PvDk",{"id":467,"title":468,"alt":469,"body":470,"by":477,"credit":229,"credits":478,"description":474,"extension":213,"facts":479,"image":489,"meta":490,"navigation":226,"path":491,"place":492,"repo":229,"seo":493,"stem":494,"submission":229,"summary":495,"url":496,"year":497,"__hash__":498},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fphoenix.md","Phoenix","Two people sitting on the grass in front of a curving concrete footbridge with steel railings",{"type":188,"value":471,"toc":475},[472],[191,473,474],{},"Phoenix, \"Striatus 2.0\", is a permanent, unreinforced masonry footbridge of 3D-printed concrete blocks assembled without mortar or reinforcement, built at the Holcim Innovation Centre in Lyon. It partly recycles the blocks of the original Striatus. A new Holcim concrete mix with locally sourced and recycled materials, and less single-use falsework, cut its CO₂ emissions by 25% compared to Striatus. Its shallower geometry needs no steps, which makes it more accessible.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":476},[],"Block Research Group, ETH Zurich, with ZHA CODE","Block Research Group, ETH Zurich, Zaha Hadid Architects Computation and Design Group (ZHACODE), incremental3D and Holcim.",[480,483,486],{"label":481,"value":482},"Built from","Partly recycled Striatus blocks",{"label":484,"value":485},"CO₂","25% lower than Striatus",{"label":487,"value":488},"Status","Permanent structure","projects\u002Fphoenix.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fphoenix","Holcim Innovation Center, Lyon, France",{"title":468,"description":474},"projects\u002Fphoenix","Striatus 2.0. A permanent footbridge of 3D-printed concrete blocks, assembled without mortar or reinforcement.","https:\u002F\u002Fbrg.ethz.ch\u002Fresearch\u002Fdemonstrators\u002F728","2023","jQzs5fbsmCzQvLX1VGrLyu8XxZ4OiOZKQliOqXOgWEc",{"id":500,"title":501,"alt":502,"body":503,"by":516,"credit":517,"credits":518,"description":507,"extension":213,"facts":519,"image":529,"meta":530,"navigation":226,"path":531,"place":532,"repo":229,"seo":533,"stem":534,"submission":229,"summary":535,"url":536,"year":537,"__hash__":538},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fcloud-cities.md","Cloud Cities Barcelona","Visitors sitting and reading among suspended reflective polygonal panels connected by tensioned cables",{"type":188,"value":504,"toc":513},[505,508,510],[191,506,507],{},"Cloud Cities Barcelona is an artwork by Tomás Saraceno in the dome at the top of Torre Glòries. Visitors move through a network of tensioned cables and panels suspended high above the city, and see Barcelona from a new angle. Bollinger+Grohmann engineered the structure and supervised its installation between 2019 and 2022.",[198,509,201],{"id":200},[191,511,512],{},"The engineers built the cable-net design workflow on Grasshopper, Kangaroo and COMPAS, as described in their paper at the TensiNet Symposium 2023.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":514},[515],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Studio Tomás Saraceno, with Bollinger+Grohmann","Tomás Saraceno","Artwork: Tomás Saraceno. Structural engineering, design technology and site supervision: Bollinger+Grohmann. Client: Mediapro.",[520,523,526],{"label":521,"value":522},"Cables","About 6 km, joined by 5000 nodes",{"label":524,"value":525},"Panels","1200",{"label":527,"value":528},"Anchors","267","projects\u002Fcloud-cities.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fcloud-cities","Torre Glòries, Barcelona, Spain",{"title":501,"description":507},"projects\u002Fcloud-cities","An artwork of tensioned cables and panels that visitors walk into, suspended in the dome of a Barcelona tower and held by 5000 nodes.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bollinger-grohmann.com\u002Fen.projects.cloud-cities-barcelona.html","2022","OXz7c5u44NPzisUviczZAOLHVGqgg7GI2LuCo-g-QXI",{"id":540,"title":541,"alt":542,"body":543,"by":407,"credit":556,"credits":557,"description":547,"extension":213,"facts":558,"image":566,"meta":567,"navigation":226,"path":568,"place":569,"repo":229,"seo":570,"stem":571,"submission":229,"summary":572,"url":573,"year":537,"__hash__":574},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Feggshell-pavilion.md","Eggshell Pavilion","Visitors at dusk around a pavilion of slender concrete columns and thin slabs lit warm from below, in front of the Vitra Design Museum",{"type":188,"value":544,"toc":553},[545,548,550],[191,546,547],{},"The Eggshell Pavilion was designed and built in ten weeks by students of the Master of Advanced Studies in Architecture and Digital Fabrication. Each column and slab was cast in a thin formwork, robotically 3D printed from plastic, that held the fresh concrete as it set: an approach for building complex concrete shapes without conventional moulds. The pavilion was exhibited for six months at the Vitra Design Campus.",[198,549,201],{"id":200},[191,551,552],{},"The printing toolpaths for the formwork were generated with COMPAS Slicer, the open-source COMPAS package for slicing geometry into robotic print paths, and sent to the robotic arm with COMPAS RRC.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":554},[555],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Erika Marthins","MAS in Architecture and Digital Fabrication, Gramazio Kohler Research and the Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich.",[559,561,563],{"label":375,"value":560},"3.26 m",{"label":216,"value":562},"Four column-slab pairs, 6 cm slabs",{"label":564,"value":565},"Formwork","Printed from recycled PET-G with glass fibre","projects\u002Feggshell-pavilion.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Feggshell-pavilion","Vitra Design Campus, Weil am Rhein, Germany",{"title":541,"description":547},"projects\u002Feggshell-pavilion","Four concrete columns and four ribbed slabs, cast in thin formwork that a robot 3D printed from recycled plastic.","https:\u002F\u002Fmasdfab.arch.ethz.ch\u002Fprojects\u002F2021-22\u002Feggshell-pavilion.html","aAPkkp1d8UCMyWneXPIlVbsVjCZ8jKocWczydV0iFUg",{"id":576,"title":577,"alt":578,"body":579,"by":370,"credit":229,"credits":592,"description":583,"extension":213,"facts":593,"image":602,"meta":603,"navigation":226,"path":604,"place":460,"repo":229,"seo":605,"stem":606,"submission":229,"summary":607,"url":608,"year":537,"__hash__":609},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Ffluid-forms.md","Fluid Forms","A two-metre printed shell with flaring, saddle-shaped tiers and blue and silver print lines, standing outdoors as a person walks past",{"type":188,"value":580,"toc":589},[581,584,586],[191,582,583],{},"Fluid Forms is a lightweight shell, two metres tall, inspired by the Costa minimal surface. Instead of stacking flat layers, a robot printed it along non-planar paths aligned with the surface's principal curvature directions, steered by a vector-field optimisation tuned to the constraints of the process. Printing this way needs less sacrificial support and gives better precision and surface quality where the shell curves sharply, while undulations across the print direction stiffen it. The 40 parts, in translucent PETG mixed with blue and silver, are screwed together so the shell can be taken apart and recycled.",[198,585,201],{"id":200},[191,587,588],{},"The non-planar print paths were generated with COMPAS Slicer. Fluid Forms was one of the projects that led Ioanna Mitropoulou and Joris Burger to develop COMPAS Slicer, the COMPAS package for slicing geometry into print paths for robotic 3D printing.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":590},[591],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Design and fabrication: Ioanna Mitropoulou. Advisors: Prof. Benjamin Dillenburger, Prof. Olga Diamanti and Prof. Amir Vaxman. Technical support: Tobias Hartmann, Philippe Fleischmann and Matthias Leschok. Documentation: Dominik Vogel and Andrei Jipa.",[594,597,600],{"label":595,"value":596},"Size","2.0 m high, 1.4 m wide, 120 kg",{"label":598,"value":599},"Parts","40, screwed together for disassembly",{"label":380,"value":601},"About 140 hours of robot time","projects\u002Ffluid-forms.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Ffluid-forms",{"title":577,"description":583},"projects\u002Ffluid-forms","A two-metre shell of translucent, blue-streaked plastic, robotically 3D printed along curved, non-planar paths that follow its principal curvatures.","https:\u002F\u002Fdbt.arch.ethz.ch\u002Fproject\u002Ffluid-forms\u002F","noicpJwceGIaEcZF_YQwRs71c7n3dwXDgkKYAYGu7YU",{"id":611,"title":612,"alt":613,"body":614,"by":621,"credit":622,"credits":623,"description":618,"extension":213,"facts":624,"image":634,"meta":635,"navigation":226,"path":636,"place":637,"repo":229,"seo":638,"stem":639,"submission":229,"summary":640,"url":641,"year":537,"__hash__":642},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fknitnervi.md","KnitNervi","A blue knitted ribbed shell with a large oculus, raised on slender steel props outside a museum",{"type":188,"value":615,"toc":619},[616],[191,617,618],{},"KnitNervi is a pavilion-scale demonstrator of a flexible formwork system for ribbed concrete shells, built for the exhibition \"Technoscape: The architecture of engineers\" at the MAXXI museum in Rome. Inspired by Pier Luigi Nervi's Palazzetto dello Sport, it avoids complex, wasteful moulds: a bending-active gridshell is both the formwork and the integrated reinforcement, and KnitCrete, a CNC-knitted stay-in-place shuttering, encloses the form-found, compression-only geometry.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":620},[],"Block Research Group, ETH Zurich, with TU Delft","Mariana Popescu","Block Research Group, ETH Zurich, and Prof. Mariana Popescu, TU Delft.",[625,628,631],{"label":626,"value":627},"Shell","9.0 × 9.0 × 3.3 m",{"label":629,"value":630},"Formwork weight","10.8 kg\u002Fm²",{"label":632,"value":633},"Knitting time","80 hours","projects\u002Fknitnervi.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fknitnervi","MAXXI, Rome, Italy",{"title":612,"description":618},"projects\u002Fknitnervi","A flexible formwork for ribbed concrete shells, combining a bending-active gridshell with CNC-knitted shuttering.","https:\u002F\u002Fbrg.ethz.ch\u002Fresearch\u002Fprototypes\u002F745","gaNRQltzVPLjlebmyZQEWGMUPtW6XPhKQQ8uQwcEmro",{"id":644,"title":645,"alt":646,"body":647,"by":446,"credit":229,"credits":660,"description":651,"extension":213,"facts":661,"image":668,"meta":669,"navigation":226,"path":670,"place":671,"repo":229,"seo":672,"stem":673,"submission":229,"summary":674,"url":675,"year":537,"__hash__":676},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fsemiramis.md","Semiramis","Timber planter pods stacked on slender columns above a street, planted with trees and shrubs",{"type":188,"value":648,"toc":657},[649,652,654],[191,650,651],{},"Semiramis stands at the entrance of the Tech Cluster Zug: a vertical habitat for plants and small animals, five amorphous timber pods on slender steel columns. Its overall composition came from a machine-learning design method developed with the Swiss Data Science Center, scored on sunshade, rain occlusion and plantable surface. A custom tool, built with the Computational Robotics Lab, shaped the individual pods while keeping every panel flat and within fabricable sizes.",[198,653,201],{"id":200},[191,655,656],{},"The cross-laminated timber plates were robotically assembled at the Robotic Fabrication Laboratory, ETH Zurich, the first time four robots worked there simultaneously. Gramazio Kohler Research built integrations between Intrinsic's robot planning technology and COMPAS FAB, their open-source robotic fabrication package, to plan that assembly.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":658},[659],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich, with the Swiss Data Science Center, the Computational Robotics Lab, TS3 and the Chair for Timber Structures, ETH Zurich. Landscape: Müller Illien Landscape Architects.",[662,664,666],{"label":375,"value":663},"22.5 m without vegetation",{"label":216,"value":665},"Five timber pods on eight steel columns",{"label":261,"value":667},"Cross-laminated timber plates","projects\u002Fsemiramis.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fsemiramis","Tech Cluster Zug, Switzerland",{"title":645,"description":651},"projects\u002Fsemiramis","A vertical habitat for plants. Four robots assembled its timber pods at once, with motion planning connected through COMPAS FAB.","https:\u002F\u002Fgramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch\u002Fweb\u002Fe\u002Fprojekte\u002F409.html","yU4ikpWJ-k51wfJlBeoVgy5mr5ml7YMPQ15HB_t8DSY",{"id":678,"title":679,"alt":680,"body":681,"by":446,"credit":229,"credits":694,"description":685,"extension":213,"facts":695,"image":703,"meta":704,"navigation":226,"path":705,"place":706,"repo":229,"seo":707,"stem":708,"submission":229,"summary":709,"url":710,"year":711,"__hash__":712},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Facoustic-panel-system.md","Acoustic Panel System","A tall grey room lined with undulating printed wall panels, with white loudspeaker columns and a person walking past",{"type":188,"value":682,"toc":691},[683,686,688],[191,684,685],{},"The Immersive Design Lab at ETH Zurich, a laboratory for extended reality in design, architecture and engineering, needed a room with very even acoustics. Gramazio Kohler Research developed a computational design system that generates doubly curved, undulating panel surfaces, optimised to diffuse sound and to be printable. Six candidate designs were sand printed at 1:10 scale and measured with the robotic acoustic setup of the DDAD research project; the best one became 29 bespoke panels, printed and finished by Aectual, which went on to offer the panels as a mass-customisable product.",[198,687,201],{"id":200},[191,689,690],{},"The geometry generation was written in Python on COMPAS and COMPAS NURBS, so that it could be reproduced without proprietary software. It runs from Grasshopper through COMPAS RPC, alongside a quick FFT-based acoustic assessment and a fabricability analysis for the 3D contour printer.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":692},[693],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich, with Rocket Science AG and Strauss Elektroakustik GmbH. Fabrication: Aectual. In cooperation with ETH Real Estate Management.",[696,698,700],{"label":524,"value":697},"29, each one different",{"label":303,"value":699},"Robotic 3D contour printing",{"label":701,"value":702},"Testing","Six designs printed at 1:10 and measured","projects\u002Facoustic-panel-system.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Facoustic-panel-system","Immersive Design Lab, ETH Zurich, Switzerland",{"title":679,"description":685},"projects\u002Facoustic-panel-system","29 bespoke 3D-printed diffuser panels whose undulating surfaces were generated and tuned for how they scatter sound.","https:\u002F\u002Fgramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch\u002Fweb\u002Fe\u002Fprojekte\u002F429.html","2021","Lx68bFUcnefqJFmsF1wKdw1B1HrQY9zVLVvSCmcfLZA",{"id":714,"title":715,"alt":716,"body":717,"by":730,"credit":229,"credits":731,"description":721,"extension":213,"facts":732,"image":740,"meta":741,"navigation":226,"path":742,"place":743,"repo":229,"seo":744,"stem":745,"submission":229,"summary":746,"url":747,"year":711,"__hash__":748},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fhilo.md","HiLo","A building corner topped by a curved, glazed concrete shell roof unit",{"type":188,"value":718,"toc":727},[719,722,724],[191,720,721],{},"HiLo is a research and innovation unit on the NEST building in Dübendorf. It demonstrates how digital concrete construction can lower embodied emissions, reduce construction waste and minimise resource consumption, with three innovations: a double-curved, two-layered concrete shell; a lightweight cable-net and fabric formwork system; and a rib-stiffened funicular floor system.",[198,723,201],{"id":200},[191,725,726],{},"The Block Research Group used COMPAS as the central computational hub for the design development, coordination and planning of the HiLo innovations. The funicular floors were form found with compas_tna. The cable-net and fabric formwork was first tested in a full-scale prototype at ETH Zurich, whose control algorithm used COMPAS's numerical solvers.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":728},[729],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Block Research Group, ETH Zurich","Block Research Group and the Architecture and Building Systems Group, ETH Zurich. Architecture: ROK Architects and the Block Research Group.",[733,735,737],{"label":626,"value":734},"Double-curved, two-layered concrete",{"label":564,"value":736},"Cable net and fabric",{"label":738,"value":739},"Floors","Rib-stiffened funicular","projects\u002Fhilo.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fhilo","NEST, Dübendorf, Switzerland",{"title":715,"description":721},"projects\u002Fhilo","A research and living unit roofed by a thin concrete shell, cast on a cable-net and textile formwork.","https:\u002F\u002Fbrg.ethz.ch\u002Fresearch\u002Fdemonstrators\u002F725","eSOhy2NI962pT7rx8TXO_IWRkYTpFAvKtwB2YxGHlQE",{"id":750,"title":751,"alt":752,"body":753,"by":477,"credit":229,"credits":766,"description":757,"extension":213,"facts":767,"image":777,"meta":778,"navigation":226,"path":779,"place":780,"repo":229,"seo":781,"stem":782,"submission":229,"summary":783,"url":784,"year":711,"__hash__":785},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fstriatus.md","Striatus","A grey arched concrete footbridge with timber steps in a tree-lined garden, people walking beneath it",{"type":188,"value":754,"toc":763},[755,758,760],[191,756,757],{},"Striatus is an arched, unreinforced masonry footbridge of 3D-printed concrete blocks, assembled without mortar. It was exhibited at the Giardini della Marinaressa during the 2021 Venice Architecture Biennale. The concrete is printed in layers orthogonal to the main structural forces, giving a \"striated\", compression-only funicular structure that needs no reinforcement.",[198,759,201],{"id":200},[191,761,762],{},"The structural design ran through a COMPAS pipeline, using compas_tna for form finding and compas_3dec and compas_assembly for the analysis of the block assembly and its interface forces. The published project description also credits COMPAS with the data exchange and collaboration between the project teams.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":764},[765],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Block Research Group, ETH Zurich, and Zaha Hadid Architects Computation and Design Group (ZHACODE), in collaboration with incremental3D, made possible by Holcim.",[768,771,774],{"label":769,"value":770},"Footprint","16 × 12 m",{"label":772,"value":773},"Longest span","15.1 m",{"label":775,"value":776},"3D-printed blocks","24.5 t","projects\u002Fstriatus.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fstriatus","Venice, Italy",{"title":751,"description":757},"projects\u002Fstriatus","An arched footbridge of 3D-printed concrete blocks, assembled without mortar or reinforcement.","https:\u002F\u002Fbrg.ethz.ch\u002Fresearch\u002Fprototypes\u002F744","D3GCsnyHtHsonT3TjfsgpsbhmWCD3gDa4zssb4HYVKA",{"id":787,"title":788,"alt":789,"body":790,"by":446,"credit":33,"credits":797,"description":794,"extension":213,"facts":798,"image":806,"meta":807,"navigation":226,"path":808,"place":743,"repo":229,"seo":809,"stem":810,"submission":229,"summary":811,"url":812,"year":813,"__hash__":814},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fdfab-house.md","DFAB HOUSE","The upper floors of DFAB HOUSE at night, a faceted translucent facade glowing above a glazed storey",{"type":188,"value":791,"toc":795},[792],[191,793,794],{},"Spatial Timber Assemblies developed a robot-based fabrication process for timber frame modules, building on existing timber-framing methods and adding the robot's ability to produce parts just in time and place them precisely in space. Six modules were prefabricated at the Robotic Fabrication Laboratory, ETH Zurich, then taken by lorry to the DFAB HOUSE site on the NEST building in Dübendorf, where they form a two-storey residential unit.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":796},[],"Spatial Timber Assemblies: Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich, and ERNE AG Holzbau.",[799,801,803],{"label":414,"value":800},"6, prefabricated in the lab",{"label":411,"value":802},"487",{"label":804,"value":805},"Use","Two-storey residential unit at NEST","projects\u002Fdfab-house.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fdfab-house",{"title":788,"description":794},"projects\u002Fdfab-house","Cooperating robots assembled the six timber modules of the house's two upper floors from 487 beams.","https:\u002F\u002Fgramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch\u002Fweb\u002Fe\u002Fforschung\u002F311.html","2018","5hpU7zCK0pfwlChXDFDzEP6xQJjPODCefxFCLJIreMc",{"id":816,"title":817,"alt":818,"body":819,"by":477,"credit":229,"credits":832,"description":823,"extension":213,"facts":833,"image":841,"meta":842,"navigation":226,"path":843,"place":844,"repo":229,"seo":845,"stem":846,"submission":229,"summary":847,"url":848,"year":813,"__hash__":849},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fknitcandela.md","KnitCandela","A woman standing inside a sweeping concrete shell lined with a purple knitted textile",{"type":188,"value":820,"toc":829},[821,824,826],[191,822,823],{},"KnitCandela was built at the Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo in Mexico City for the first exhibition of Zaha Hadid Architects in Latin America. It is an homage to the shell builder Félix Candela, reimagining his concrete shells through new computational design methods and KnitCrete, a CNC-knitted formwork technology. The whole formwork weighed 55 kg and was carried to Mexico in a suitcase.",[198,825,201],{"id":200},[191,827,828],{},"The shell was form found with compas_fofin, the COMPAS package for form finding of cable nets and shells.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":830},[831],{"id":200,"depth":207,"text":201},"Block Research Group, ETH Zurich (BRG), Zaha Hadid Architects Computation and Design Group (ZHCODE) and Architecture Extrapolated (R-Ex).",[834,836,839],{"label":626,"value":835},"5.8 × 5.8 × 4.1 m",{"label":837,"value":838},"Concrete","5 t over 47.5 m²",{"label":564,"value":840},"30 kg cable net, 25 kg knit","projects\u002Fknitcandela.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fknitcandela","MUAC, Mexico City",{"title":817,"description":823},"projects\u002Fknitcandela","A thin, sinuous concrete shell built on a knitted formwork that travelled from Switzerland to Mexico in a suitcase.","https:\u002F\u002Fbrg.ethz.ch\u002Fresearch\u002Fprototypes\u002F742","N8jiy-HBzTeqPFrpi4qoV1_LHXv-9lCZAduvRZRoiGs",{"id":851,"title":852,"alt":853,"body":854,"by":446,"credit":229,"credits":861,"description":858,"extension":213,"facts":862,"image":869,"meta":870,"navigation":226,"path":871,"place":460,"repo":229,"seo":872,"stem":873,"submission":229,"summary":874,"url":875,"year":876,"__hash__":877},"projects\u002Fprojects\u002Fmesh-mould.md","Mesh Mould","A worker walking past a tracked robot that stands beside a tall, twisting steel mesh it has fabricated",{"type":188,"value":855,"toc":859},[856],[191,857,858],{},"Mesh Mould unifies reinforcement and formwork into a single robotically fabricated system. After a first phase of spatial robotic extrusion in polymer, the research at the NCCR Digital Fabrication turned it into a load-bearing construction system: a fully automated process that bends and welds meshes from 6 mm steel rebar, with a specialised robotic end-effector developed together with the Agile & Dexterous Robotics Lab.",{"title":206,"searchDepth":207,"depth":207,"links":860},[],"Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich, with the Agile & Dexterous Robotics Lab, the Physical Chemistry of Building Materials group and Concrete Structures and Bridge Design, ETH Zurich.",[863,865,867],{"label":261,"value":864},"6 mm steel rebar",{"label":342,"value":866},"Automated robotic bending and welding",{"label":868,"value":33},"Context","projects\u002Fmesh-mould.avif",{},"\u002Fprojects\u002Fmesh-mould",{"title":852,"description":858},"projects\u002Fmesh-mould","A mobile robot bends and welds steel rebar into a mesh that is both the formwork and the reinforcement of a concrete element.","https:\u002F\u002Fgramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch\u002Fweb\u002Fe\u002Fforschung\u002F316.html","2017","nsoyWk5VBg_RZoJVdS8aeA9ejEGFiK4PHMa1hlMtXm8",1791765877552]